Some discussion on Najma's blog, A Star from Mosul, (a wonderful site, which you should
visit) lead me to do some research on exactly how Muslims view the Bible -- both the Old and New Testaments. Is the Bible a book from God, in their view? Can it be referred to? Can it be read by a Muslim?
The following is some of the research I did quickly. And I do mean quickly, as I did this mostly during breaks at work. But I think its at least a start. Note that I made a serious attempt to view sites which were clearly Islamic, and tried to look for impartial sites, and along the way found some that were clearly anti-Islamic. ( I've identified each reference with their biases, so that there are no hidden surprises, and so that you can judge for yourself knowing who did the writing, and if or what their agenda may be.) In other words, I've tried to take material that may not be objective, and use it objectively. Let me give you a sampling:
Muslims believe in the books of the previous prophets including [the Old Testament, which includes] the "Torah" which was sent to Moses, the "Zaboor" (Psalms) which were given to David, [and the New Testament] "Injeel" (Gospel) which was given to Jesus, and the Qur'an which was given to Muhammad. However, Muslims are told that the previous scriptures were tampered with by mankind and the Bible should only be accepted in as far as it is confirmed by the Qur'an. It is to be treated with respect, however any statements which clearly oppose those of the Qur'an are to be rejected as the work of mankind.
The above is from
Islam 101, and it should be noted that it is a Muslim site which attempts to argue that the New Testament is less than valid.
Confirmation (sort of) from another Islamic site,
IslamicAwakening.com. Note: a little translation is required here, such that:
- "Eesaa ibn Maryam" = Jesus son of Mary;
- "Tauraah" = Torah;
- "Moosa" = Moses;
- "Zaboor" = Psalms;
- "Daawood" = David.
We know that in the second soorah, al-Baqarah, Allah subhaanahu wa ta`aalaa summarizes the characteristics of those people who will benefit from the Qur'aan. Allah subhaanahu wa ta`aalaa says:
"Alif Laam Meem. Dhaalikal Kitaabu laa rayba feehi hudal-lil muttaqeen." [2:1-2] "This is a book, there is no doubt regarding it, it is a guidance for those people who have taqwaa, those people who fear Allah."
Then Allah describes them and among His descriptions that He mentions about them is that they believe what is revealed to them and what was revealed before them. So they believe in the revelation which came to the Prophet Muhammad sallAllahu `alaihi wa sallam as they believe in the revelation which came before Prophet Muhammad sallAllahu `alaihi wa sallam, being the revelation given to the Prophets, like the Gospel to `Eesaa ibn Maryam, like the Tauraah to the Prophet Moosa `alaihis salaam, like the Zaboor or the Psalms which was given to Daawood `alaihis salaam. And likewise we find in the final verses of soorat al-Baqarah also a description of the matters of belief, where Allah subhaanahu wa ta`aalaa says that the believers and the Messenger, all of them believe in Allah and His Angels and His Scriputres and His Messengers; they make no distinction between them [see 2:285]. Meaning that they do not believe in some of them and disbelieve in others, like the Jews.
Then the following is from a Christian site, which attempts to argue that the Koran is less than valid, at IslamReview.com
The Quran assures more than once, that the Holy Bible (Old Testament and New Testament) was descended by God Himself: "And He sent down the law (of Moses), and the Gospel (of Jesus) before this, as a guide to mankind" [Al Omran 3/3-4]. It describes the Bible also as , i.e. the message, in its statement: "Before thee, also, the messengers we sent were but men, to whom we granted inspiration: if ye realize this not, ask of those who possess the message " [Al Anbeyaa 21/7], and "This is the message of those with me, and message of those before me" [Al Anbeyaa 21/24]. The Quran also admits that God preserves the Bible because it is descended by Him, i.e. His : "We have sent down the message and we will assuredly guard it" [Al Hajar 15/9].
Perhaps an unbiased view can be found at "WordIQ.com" (and the identical text can also be found at
WikiPedia.org) which is sort of an encyclopedia, and appears to be impartial and objective (I say "appears" because I've just begun my research in this area, and in my ignorance I could be reading subtle biases without knowing it. I do notice that they continually refer to the area as "Palestine" even during times when I know it was referred to as Judea, or Israel, or "Syria Palestina" by the Romans, who changed its name in the second century from "Syria Judea." I'm no expert on the exact names used on the exact dates, but in order to avoid confusion, I've changed the text somewhat, adding an ellipsis. Read into that what you will. I've included links to the actual pages I used in each case, so you can go there yourself.
From: http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Abrahamic_religion
Islam considers that the Jewish God is the same as Allah, and Jesus as a divinely inspired prophet, but not a divinity. Thus both the theology of the Jewish Bible and the teachings of Jesus are accepted as valid in principle, although not in detail.
Since Islam, like Judaism and Christianity, claims descent from the monotheist tradition of the biblical patriarch Abraham, it sees itself as an Abrahamic religion. Muslims hold that it is essentially the same belief as that of all the messengers sent by God to mankind, with the Qur'ān (the one definitive text of the Muslim faith) codifying the final revelation of God. [ http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Islam ]
An Abrahamic religion (also referred to as desert monotheism) is a religion derived from the ancient Semitic tradition of Abraham, a great patriarch depicted in the Bible. This group of largely monotheistic religions, which includes Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, comprises the majority of the world's religious adherents. Muslims refer to adherents of most Abrahamic religions as People of the Book, “the Book” being the Old Testament, which the Muslims reject as corrupt but revere as having had divine origins.[ http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Abrahamic_religion ]
All the Abrahamic religions are derived to some extent from Judaism as practiced in ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah prior to the Babylonian Exile, at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. Judaism...was renovated and reformed to some extent in the 6th century BC by Ezra and other priests returning... from the exile..
Christianism originated... at the end of the 1st century BC, as a radically reformed sect of Judaism; it spread to ancient Greece and Rome, and from there to most of Europe, Asia, the Americas, and many other parts of the world....
Islam has only one sacred book, the Quran, comprising 114 Chapters (surat). According to the Quran itself, these were revealed by Archangel Gabriel to prophet Muhammad in separate occasions, and preserved as such by his disciples, until they were compiled into a single book (not in chronological order) several decades after his death.
The Quran includes several stories from the Jewish Bible (chiefly in Sura 17, The Children of Israel), and mentions Jesus many times as a divinely inspired prophet. However the detailed precepts of the Tanakh and of the New Testament are not adopted outright; they are replaced by the new commandments given directly by Allah to Muhammad and codified in the Quran. [ http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Abrahamic_religion ]
{Let me interject a note here before continuing from the same source: Also, Muslims believe that Jesus was not crucified, and did not die, but that God only worked it out to appear that way. If I understand it correctly (and tell me if I'm wrong) they believe that instead God brought Jesus to Him, alive, and that he still lives today. They also believe that he will return, but will die at some point after that}
Traditional Muslim theology believed in an eternal, uncreated Qur'an. In this it was influenced by Greek philosophy, especially Plato's theories that all ultimate realities and truths had to be eternal and unchanging. Given that Muslim believe that Biblical figures such as Moses and Jesus all preached Islam, this implies that any difference between the Qur'an and the Bible as it now exists must be the result of human corruption of the earlier divine revelations.
However, the doctrine of the uncreatedness of the Qur'an has been disputed by some, including the Mu'tazili and Ismaili sects; and also implicitly or explicitly by various liberal movements within Islam, which believe that different revelations are created by God to meet the needs and circumstances of their communities. This argument is mainly used by liberals opposed to various aspects of traditional Islamic law. However, it would also account for differences between the Bible and Qur'an without resorting to accusations of human corruption of divine texts. [ http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Quran ]
Finally, from other - admittedly brief - research into other sites and forums, it appears that many Muslims only pretend to respect the Bible. Instead, many say that the Bible is not the Bible, but is a "corrupted" version. It is, as stated above, rejected. These will say that if you can find the original Bible, it will agree exactly with the Quran. (Don't bother giving them evidence and facts showing that it is original nearly word for word; facts mean nothing as far as they are concerned.) Until that time, they state, 'this' version is due no respect. Oh -- it should go without saying that when I say "many" I realize that that does not mean "all."
As an example, a more moderate view, yet one which is clearly pro-Islam, and to which I'll give the respect of having the final word on this subject, is found at the website
"Islam Answers Back," which succinctly states its agenda on its opening page as, "Everyone wants a fair share of attacking Islam. But who is there to answer for Islam? The fact is that Islam needs no defence. Islam continues to spread in the face of mighty opposition."
Can Muslims Use the Bible in Dawah?
The hadith of Umar is often given as a reason against the use of the Bible in Dawah. However, this use of Umar’s hadith is based on a failure to distinguish between using the Bible for guidance and using the Bible for Dawah. Umar’s hadith teaches that we cannot use the Bible for guidance. That hadith does not prevent us from using the Bible for Dawah.
In brief, the hadith says that Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, came to the prophet, sallallahu alayhi was sallam, with a copy of the Torah saying here is a copy of the book that was revealed to the prophet Moses, peace be upon him. As he began to read it the prophet’s face showed displeasure until Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, alerted Umar to notice this. Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, then promptly closed the scroll and reaffirmed his satisfaction with Allah as Lord, with Islam as religion, and with Muhammad, sallallahu alayhi was sallam, as prophet and messenger. The prophet then remarked that if the prophet Musa were alive today he would have to follow the prophet Muhammad, sallalalhu alayhi was sallam.
That in a nutshell is the gist of the hadith. Obviously, the hadith deals with the question of where to find guidance today. The Bible therefore cannot be used for our guidance. The hadith does not prevent us from making reference to the Bible in the limited manner which I will now describe.
The easiest way to prove a point to a person who believes in the Bible is to make reference to the Bible. This does not mean you believe in the Bible or consider it true in even that portion. It makes no difference whether or not you the caller to Islam believes in the Bible passage you are citing. It is important to believe what you preach, but remember that you are not preaching the Bible. You are simply reminding Christians and Jews that if they had read their Bibles carefully they would have to accept Islam.
I hope the above isn't too disjointed, and gives you some at least a beginning of insight into how a person of Islam might view the Bible. If you have further links or comments, let me know.